![]() The interconnected channel networks accelerate the supply of oxygen/nutrients and promote cell growth. High roundness of printed PVA filaments results in high roundness of the channel networks. PVA is a water-soluble sacrificial material with sufficient dissolution time and high mechanical strength, which can avoid the disadvantages of classic sacrificial materials (sugar and Pluronic F127). Specifically, i) commercial PVA consumables are printed to be sacrificial templates ii) gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) solution is cast to encapsulate the sacrificial template iii) the sacrificial template is dissolved to form channel networks. Here, an easy sacrificial 3D printing method based on commercial desktop 3D printer and water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to construct effective hydrogel channel networks is introduced. 3D printing can create complex hydrogel-based tissue constructs, however, due to the weak mechanical properties of hydrogel bioinks, cell-laden hydrogel constructs with effective channel networks are difficult to be directly printed. In hydrogel-based tissue engineering, channel network is an efficient structure for transporting nutrients/oxygen to support cell survival and construct living tissues in vitro. ![]()
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